Saramad-e-Raja-e-Hindustan Raj-Rajeshwar Raj-Rajendra Maharajadhiraj Shri Maharaja Sawai Sir Madho Singh II (28 August 1862 – 7 September 1922), was the Maharaja of the Princely State of Jaipur from the year 1880 until 1922. He was the adopted son of the previous ruler Sawai Ram Singh II, Maharaja of Jaipur. He was born Kunwar Kaim Singh Rajawat, the second son of the Thakur Raghunath Singhji of Isarda, a petty chieftain related to the ruling Kachwaha house of Jaipur . After the death of their father, a dispute with his elder brother over the succession left the teenaged Kaim exiled and living in poverty. He found work as a risaldar in the cavalry of the Nawab of Tonk. His fate was altered by his encounters with the guru Brahmachari Giridhari Sharan, whose disciple he became, and with the ruling Sawai Ram Singh II. When the childless Ram Singh died in 1880, Kaim Singh who was chosen on his deathbed to be adopted as his successor , was crowned under the name Madho Singh. Married as his first wife later Patrani a Jadon lady related to the house of Karauli State Kushal Kanwarji daughter of Rao Budhpal Singhji of Amargarh estate, Etah in United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. As the ruler of the large and prosperous state of Jaipur, Sawai Madho Singh embraced modern ideas on education and sanitation. He built schools, colleges, hospitals and a museum. When famine struck in 1896–1897 and 1899–1900, he used state funds to feed the population. He also appealed to the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, to start a permanent Famine Relief Fund, which Singh began with a gift 

of £133,000 (equivalent to £15,309,478 in 2021). Sawai Madho Singh II was exceptionally loyal to the British crown, and sent his troops and horses to assist the British side in fighting in Chitral in 1894–1895, the Tirah Campaign in 1897–1898 and in the South African War.

The Rajputana Rifles is the oldest rifle regiment of the Indian Army. It was originally a part of the British Indian Army, when six previously existing regiments were amalgamated to form six battalions of the 6th Rajputana Rifles. The name Rajputana Rifles is derived from northwest, and the word Rajputana, a historic region in northwest India that is roughly coextensive with the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, as well as small sections of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. It is based on the word Rajaputra, meaning "son of a king, which came in 6th century. The name Rajputana means "land of the Rajputs". The Aravalli Range crosses the southern part of the region from northeast to southwest. The northwestern part is largely the Thar desert, but to the southeast, the land is extremely fertile. Rajput power rose here between the 6th and 13th centuries, and the princes resisted the early Muslim incursions, which began in the 11th century. Rajput power reached its peak in the early 15th century, but the area fell to the Mughals when Akbar captured the Chittor Fort in 1568. But the Rajputana was safe due to mutual understanding with mughals.From their seat at Ajmer the Mughals ruled Rajputana until the early 18th century. The Marathas held feudatories in the region from c. 1750 to 1818, when it passed to Great Britain. When Britishers came Rajputs did treaty.The Rajput princely states came under British 

protection by treaties in the early 19th century; most of the area was formed into Rajasthan state in 1948. Under the British, Rajputana included more than 20 princely states, notably Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, and Ajmer. The internal autonomy of many of the states was guaranteed. The Rajputana Rifles is a fixed class regiment with equal proportions of Jats and Rajputs but some units have also the minor proportion of Ahir, Gurjar and Hindustani Muslims.